"Contemporary" is the term used for art post WWII but within a historical context (ie: modern primitives, outsider artists, etc are excluded).
"Modern" generally starts with Impressionism with the key being that there was a break from realism towards abstraction. Those Impressionists were quite renegades in their day.
Post-Modernism (or PoMo) is more of a general term for architecture, literature and, sometimes art. It describes any social phenomenon that is a reaction to modernism. I think of it as a "bridge" term that will suffice until hindsight allows a better set of terminology to be assigned. Although, it may end up sticking at some point.
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