when we had them as a kid my dad made a windmill on a pole and drilled the center pivot off-center about 1/8 of an inch so it would wobble when it spun. his theory was that it would send constant vibrations into the ground, making their homes unlivable (sort of like living next door to a constant ongoing jackhammer) the windmill stood in the yard for decades and we never saw another gopher.
a nice non-lethal alternative
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